Anne Frank Mrs Van Daan

Anne Frank (12 June 1929 – Feb 1945)^[1] was a German-born Jewish girl who, along with her family and four other people, hid in the second and third floor rooms at the back of her father'south Amsterdam company during the Nazi occupation of the netherlands. Helped by several trusted employees of the company, the group of eight survived in the achterhuis (literally "back-house", usually translated equally "clandestine annex") for more than two years earlier they were betrayed, and arrested. Anne kept a diary from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944, 3 days earlier the residents of the annex were arrested. Anne mentioned several times in her writings that her sis Margot Frank also kept a diary, but no trace of Margot'southward diary was ever institute.

After spending time in both Westerbork and Auschwitz, Anne and her elder sister Margot were eventually transported to Bergen-Belsen, which was swept by a massive typhus epidemic that began in the camp in January 1945. The two sisters died, obviously a few days apart, sometime in Feb 1945.^[1] Both were buried in one of the mass graves at Belsen, though it is unknown to this twenty-four hour period exactly which of the many mass graves at Belsen contains their remains. Their "tombstone" that can exist viewed at Belsen today is merely a memorial to the 2 sisters, and does not marker their actual burial site.

Their begetter, Otto Frank, survived the war and upon his render to Amsterdam was given the diary his daughter had kept during their period of confinement, which had been rescued from the ransacked achterhuis past Miep Gies (below) who, out of respect for Anne's privacy, had not read information technology. The diary was first published in 1947, and by virtue of worldwide sales since then, it has become one of the nearly widely read books in history. It is recognized both for its historical value as a document of the Holocaust and for the loftier quality of writing displayed by such a immature author. In 2010, Anne was honored as ane of the nearly iconic women of the year.^{[ citation needed ]} She is likewise one of the virtually well known victims of the Holocaust. Her friend Eva Schloss, who survived the Holocaust, became her stepsister after Anne Frank'due south death.

The other occupants of the Underground Annex [edit]

Otto Frank (12 May 1889 – 19 August 1980;^[1] Anne and Margot's father, husband of Edith) was in poor wellness, due primarily to malnutrition, when he was left behind in Auschwitz with the remainder of those in the sick billet, when the Nazis evacuated all the other prisoners on a death march.^[2] He survived until the Russians liberated Auschwitz shortly later.^[3] In 1953, he married Elfride "Fritzi" Markovits-Geiringer, an Auschwitz survivor who lost her commencement husband and her son when they, too, were sent on a decease march out of Auschwitz, and whose daughter Eva, also a survivor, was a neighborhood friend of the Frank sisters'.^[4] Otto devoted his life to spreading the message of his daughter and her diary, as well every bit to defending information technology against Neo-Nazi claims that it was a forgery or fake. He died in Birsfelden, Switzerland from lung cancer, on 19 August 1980 at the age of 91.^[five] His widow, Fritzi, continued his work until her ain expiry in October 1998.
Edith Frank (sixteen January 1900 – 6 Jan 1945;^[one] Anne and Margot's mother, married woman of Otto) was left behind in Auschwitz-Birkenau when her daughters and Auguste van Pels were transferred to Bergen-Belsen, equally her health had started to deteriorate. Witnesses reported that her despair at being separated from her daughters led to an emotional breakdown. They described her searching for her daughters endlessly and said that she seemed to not understand that they had gone, although she had seen them board the train that took them out of the camp. They also said that she began to hoard what little food she could obtain, hiding it nether her bunk to give to Anne and Margot when she saw them. They said that Edith Frank told them Anne and Margot needed the food more than than she did, and she therefore refused to eat it. She died on 6 January 1945 from starvation and burnout, ten days before her 45th birthday and 21 days before the military camp was liberated.^{[ citation needed ]}
Margot Frank (sixteen February 1926 – February 1945^[1]) died of typhus in Bergen-Belsen. According to recollections from several eyewitnesses, this occurred "a few days" before Anne's decease, virtually probable in early-mid February 1945, though similar Anne's expiry, the exact engagement is not known.
The Van Pels family joined the Franks in their hiding place in curtained rooms at the rear of Otto Frank's function building, on 13 July 1942. Anne gave the van Pels family a pseudonym in her diary (as she did for most other characters in her diary); she chosen them "Van Daan" in her diary. Although their helpers are today known almost exclusively by their own names, the Franks' swain occupants in the achterhuis retain their pseudonyms in many editions and adaptations of Anne's diary.^{[ citation needed ]}

Hermann van Pels (31 March 1898 – October 1944;^[1] known every bit Hans in the first manuscript of the diary) was murdered in Auschwitz, being the starting time of the eight to dice. He was the only member of the group to be gassed. Nevertheless, co-ordinate to eyewitness testimony, this did not happen on the day he arrived there. Sal de Liema, an inmate at Auschwitz who knew both Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels, said that later on 2 or three days in the camp, Van Pels mentally "gave up", which was generally the kickoff of the finish for any concentration military camp inmate. He afterwards injured his thumb on a work particular and requested to be sent to the sick barracks. Soon later that, during a sweep of the sick billet for option, he was sent to the gas chambers. This occurred nigh three weeks after his arrival at Auschwitz, most likely in very early October of 1944, and his choice was witnessed past both his son Peter and by Otto Frank.^{[ citation needed ]}
Auguste van Pels (29 September 1908 – April 1945;^[1] known as Petronella in the diary), built-in Auguste Röttgen (Hermann'due south wife), whose date and place of expiry are unknown. Witnesses testified that she was with the Frank sisters during office of their time in Bergen-Belsen, but that she was non present when they died in Feb/March. According to German records (her registration card), Mrs. Van Pels was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration army camp in Deutschland with a group of viii women on Nov 26, 1944. Hannah Goslar's testimony was that she spoke to Mrs. Van Pels through the barbed wire debate "in late January or early February". Auguste was transferred on Feb 6, 1945 to Raguhn (Buchenwald in Germany), and then to the Czechoslovakia camp Theresienstadt on April 9, 1945. This same card lists her as being alive on April 11, 1945. As such, she must have died en route to Theresienstadt or shortly after her arrival there, the appointment of her death occurring nigh probable the either the first half or mid-April 1945, but before May 8, 1945, when the camp was liberated.^[six] ^[7] Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, eyewitness of Auguste'south death, states that the Nazis murdered her by throwing her onto the train tracks during her terminal send to Theresienstadt in April of 1945.^[8]

Peter van Pels wearing a (barely visible) Star of David; photo May–July 1942

Peter van Pels (8 November 1926 – 10 May 1945;^[ane] Hermann and Auguste'southward son, known as Peter in the diary and Alfred in the beginning manuscript) died in Mauthausen. Otto Frank had protected him during their period of imprisonment together, as the ii men had been assigned to the same work group. Frank later stated that he had urged Peter to hide in Auschwitz and remain behind with him, rather than set out on a forced march, just Peter believed he would take a improve chance of survival if he joined the expiry march out of Auschwitz. Mauthausen Concentration Army camp records betoken that Peter van Pels was registered upon his arrival there on January 25, 1945. 4 days subsequently, he was placed in an outdoor labor grouping, Quarz. On eleven Apr 1945, Peter was sent to the sick barracks. His exact death date is unknown, only the International Red Cantankerous stated that information technology was May x, 1945, 5 days after Mauthausen was liberated by men from the 11th Armored Division of the U.S. Third Ground forces. He was 18 years old, and was the last member of the group to die while imprisoned.

Fritz Pfeffer (xxx April 1889 – twenty December 1944;^[1] family unit dentist of Miep Gies and the van Pels,^[9] and known as Albert Dussel in the diary) died on 20 December 1944 in Neuengamme concentration military camp. His cause of death was listed in the camp records as "enterocolitis", a take hold of-all term that covered, among other things, dysentery and cholera, both of which were common causes of expiry in the camps. Of all the stressful relationships precipitated by living in such close proximity with each other for two years, the relationship between Anne and Fritz Pfeffer was ane of the most difficult for both, equally her diary shows.

The helpers [edit]

Miep Gies saved parts of Anne Frank's diary (just like the younger secretary Bep Voskuijl). She later said that if she had read information technology, she would take needed to destroy it, as it independent a bully bargain of incriminating data, such as the names of all of the annex helpers, as well every bit many of their Dutch Cloak-and-dagger contacts. She and her married man, Jan, took Otto Frank into their home, where he lived from 1945 (later on his liberation from Auschwitz concentration camp) until 1952. In 1994, she received the "Order of Merit" of the Federal Republic of Deutschland, and in 1995, received the highest honor from the Yad Vashem, the Righteous Among the Nations. She was appointed a "Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau" past Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. In 1996, Gies shared an Academy Award with Jon Blair for their documentary Anne Frank Remembered (1995), based largely on Gies'southward 1987 volume of the same title. She also wrote the afterword for Melissa Müller'south biography of Anne Frank. Gies stated that every yr she spent the entire mean solar day of 4 August in mourning, the date those in the Annex were arrested. Gies died on 11 January 2010, following a short illness, at the age of 100.
Jan Gies (Miep's married man, known as Henk in The Diary of a Young Daughter) was a social worker and, for part of the war, a fellow member of the Dutch Resistance; thus, he was able to procure things for the people in the annex that would take been nigh impossible to obtain whatever other way. He left the Hush-hush in 1944, when an incident caused him to believe his safety had been compromised. Jan died of complications from diabetes on 26 Jan 1993 in Amsterdam. He and Miep had been married for 51 years.
Johannes Kleiman (known as Mr. Koophuis in The Diary of a Young Girl) spent nigh half-dozen weeks in a work campsite after his arrest and was released afterwards intervention from the Red Cross, because of his fragile wellness. He returned to Opekta and took over the business firm when Otto Frank moved to Basel in 1952. He died at his office desk of a stroke in 1959, anile 62.^{[ citation needed ]}
Victor Kugler (known equally Mr. Kraler in The Diary of a Young Daughter) spent seven months in various work camps and escaped into a subcontract field in March 1945, during the confusion that resulted when the prisoner march he was on that solar day was strafed by British Spitfires. Working his fashion dorsum to his hometown of Hilversum on human foot and by bicycle, he remained in hiding there until liberated by Canadian troops a few weeks afterwards. Later on his wife died, he emigrated to Canada in 1955 (where several of his relatives already lived) and resided in Toronto. On September 16, 1958 he appeared on To Tell the Truth, equally "the hider" of Otto and Anne Frank. He received the "Medal of the Righteous" from the Yad Vashem Memorial, with a tree planted in his honour on the Boulevard of the Righteous Among the Nations in 1973. He died on 16 December 1981 in Toronto, after a long illness, at the age of 81.^{[ commendation needed ]}
Bep Voskuijl (known as Elli Vossen in The Diary of a Young Daughter), like her colleagues, was instructed to stay in the part on the 24-hour interval the Franks were forced from their hiding place, just in the defoliation that followed, Bep managed to escape with a few documents that would have incriminated the Secret Annex protectors' black market contacts. Bep and Miep constitute Anne'due south diaries and papers subsequently the eight prisoners, together with Kugler and Kleiman, had been arrested and removed from the building. Bep left Opekta shortly afterwards the war and married Cornelis van Wijk in 1946. While she did grant an interview to a Dutch magazine^{[ citation needed ]} some years later on the war, she mostly shunned publicity. All the same, Bep kept her own scrapbook of Anne-related articles throughout her life. Bep and her husband had four children, the last a daughter whom she named "Anne-Marie", in award of Anne. Bep died in Amsterdam on 6 May 1983.^{[ citation needed ]}
Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl (Bep's father, known as Mr. Vossen in The Diary of a Immature Daughter) was lauded constantly by the eight in hiding as a tremendous help with all matters during their early days in the achterhuis. For example, he designed and built the "swinging bookcase" that concealed the entrance to the annex. However, Anne often mentioned his health issues in her diary, and he became incapacitated after a diagnosis of abdominal cancer. He ultimately died of the disease in tardily November 1945, and Otto Frank attended his funeral on December 1.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Friends and extended family [edit]

Hannah Elisabeth "Hanneli" Option-Goslar (born 12 November 1928), known to near of her friends as "Lies", was Anne's oldest friend, forth with Sanne Ledermann. While Hannah was in Bergen-Belsen, she met Auguste van Pels past asking through a hay-filled barbed wire fence if anyone who could hear her voice spoke Dutch. Mrs. van Pels answered her and remembered Hannah from peacetime in Amsterdam. Mrs. van Pels and then told Hannah that Anne was a prisoner in the section of the camp van Pels herself was in. Hannah was astonished, as she, similar virtually people back in Amsterdam, believed the Franks had escaped to Switzerland. Hannah was able to talk to Anne several times through the bulwark and to toss some essentials over it for her.^[ix] Anne had told Hannah, at this signal, that she believed both of her parents were expressionless, and in later years Hannah reflected that if Anne had known her father were still live, she might accept found the force to survive until the camp was liberated. Shortly after Hannah threw the bundle over the debate for Anne, Anne's contingent of prisoners was moved, and Hannah never heard from her once again. Hannah and her little sister Gabi were the simply members of their family unit to survive the war, and Hannah was about death from typhus and tuberculosis when the Russians liberated the train in which she and Gabi were beingness transported, reportedly to Theresienstadt. After recovering, Hannah emigrated to Israel, became a nurse, and ultimately a grandmother of 10.^[ten]
Susanne "Sanne" Ledermann was Anne'southward constant companion from the time of her arrival in Amsterdam and is mentioned several times at the beginning of the diary. She was considered the "repose" one of the trio of "Anne, Hanne and Sanne". She was very intelligent, and co-ordinate to Anne, very facile with poetry. Sanne's full get-go name is variously listed in different sources equally both "Susanne" and "Susanna". Simply her friends chosen her "Sanne"; her family used the more Germanic "Susi". After his return to Amsterdam, Otto Frank learned that Sanne and her parents, Franz and Ilse, were arrested on 20 June 1943. Sanne and her parents were sent showtime to Westerbork, so on 16 November to Auschwitz, where all three were gassed upon arrival. Sanne'southward sis Barbara Ledermann, who was a friend of Margot'south, had, through contacts in the Dutch Underground, caused a German ID card (becoming "Barbara Waarts") and worked as a courier for the Underground.^{[ citation needed ]} She survived the war and later married the Nobel Prize–winning biochemist Martin Rodbell.
Jacqueline Yvonne Meta "Jacque" van Maarsen (built-in 30 Jan 1929), or "Jacque", every bit she was known to everyone, was Anne's "best" friend at the time the Frank family went into hiding. Jacque sincerely liked Anne, merely at times found her too enervating in her friendship. Anne, writing afterwards in her diary, was remorseful for her own attitude toward Jacque, regarding with better understanding Jacque's desire to have other close girlfriends every bit well - "I just desire to apologize and explicate things", Anne wrote. After ii and a half months in hiding, Anne composed a farewell letter of the alphabet to Jacque in her diary, vowing her lifelong friendship. Jacque read this passage much later, after the publication of the diary. Jacque'due south French-built-in mother was a Christian, and that, along with several other extenuating circumstances, combined to get the "J" (for "Jew") removed from the family'south identification cards. The van Maarsens were thus able to live out the war years in Amsterdam. Jacque later married her childhood sweetheart Ruud Sanders and however lives in Amsterdam, where she is a bookbinder and has written four books on their notable friendship: Anne and Jopie (1990), My Friend, Anne Frank (1996), My Name Is Anne, She Said, Anne Frank (2003), and Inheriting Anne Frank (2009).
Nanette "Nanny" Konig-Rush (built-in 6 April 1929) was another schoolmate of Anne's. Nannette, by her ain access, was the daughter given the made-up initials "East. S." in the early pages of Anne's diary. While they were not ever on the all-time of terms during school days (their personalities were much too similar), Nanny had been invited to Anne'south 13th birthday political party, and when they met in Bergen-Belsen, their reunion was enthusiastic. With prisoners constantly being shifted effectually in the huge army camp, Nanny speedily lost rail of Anne. Nannette was the merely fellow member of her family to survive the war. While she was recovering from tuberculosis in a infirmary immediately after the war, Otto Frank got in impact with her, and she was able to write and requite him some information well-nigh her meet with Anne at Belsen. Nanette and her family, as of 1998, resided in São Paulo, Brazil. (Müller, p. 269).
Ilse Wagner, whom Jacque van Maarsen described every bit "a sweet and sensible girl", is mentioned several times in the early office of the diary. Ilse's family unit had a tabular array tennis prepare, and Anne and Margot ofttimes went to her firm to play. Wagner was the beginning of Anne's circle of friends to be deported. Forth with her mother and grandmother, she was sent to Westerbork in January 1943, so to Sobibór extermination military camp, where all three were gassed upon arrival on 2 April 1943. (Müller, p. 301).
Lutz Peter Schiff: For all the admiring boys Anne was surrounded with during her school days, she said repeatedly in her diary that the merely i she deeply cared about was Peter Schiff, whom she chosen "Petel". He was iii years older than Anne and they had, according to Anne, been "inseparable" during the summertime of 1940, when Anne turned 11. And then, Peter changed addresses, and a new acquaintance slightly older than Peter convinced him Anne was "just a child". Anne had several vivid dreams of Peter while in hiding, wrote about them in her diary, and realized herself that she saw Peter van Pels, at least partially, as a surrogate for Peter Schiff. Anne implies in her diary (12 January 1944) that Peter Schiff gave her a pendant as a gift, which she cherished from then on. Schiff was besides a prisoner at Bergen-Belsen, though he was transported from in that location to Auschwitz before Anne and Margot arrived at Belsen. Information technology is known for sure that he died in Auschwitz, although the exact date of his death is unclear.^{[ commendation needed ]} In 2009, the Anne Frank Business firm received a photograph of Schiff as a boy, donated by one of his former classmates; it can be seen, along with the story of its donation, on the Anne Frank House website.
Helmuth "Hello" Silberberg was the boy Anne was closest to at the time her family went into hiding, though they had only known each other about two weeks at that fourth dimension. Born in Gelsenkirchen, Deutschland, his parents sent him to Amsterdam to live with his grandparents, believing, like Otto Frank, that Hitler would respect Holland' neutrality. Silberberg's gramps, who disliked the name Helmuth, dubbed him "Hello". Hello was xvi and adored Anne, but she wrote in her diary that she was "not in honey with Hello, he is just a friend, or as mummy would say, ane of my 'beaux'", though Anne also remarked in her diary on how much she enjoyed Hello's visitor, and she speculated that he might become "a existent friend" over time. By a very convoluted series of events, including several narrow escapes from the Nazis, Hello eventually reunited with his parents in Belgium. Belgium was also an occupied land, however, and he and his family were still "in hiding", though non under circumstances as difficult every bit the Franks'. The American forces liberated the town where the Silberbergs were hiding on 3 September 1944, and Hello was free — tragically on the same 24-hour interval that Anne and her family left on the final send from Westerbork to Auschwitz. How-do-you-do emigrated to the U.s. afterwards the war and was later known equally Ed Silverberg. He appeared equally Ed Silverberg in the multimedia stage presentation most the Holocaust chosen, And So They Came for Me. He died in 2015 at age 89.^[11]
Eva Geiringer (now Eva Schloss) shared a remarkably like history with Anne. The Geiringers lived on the opposite side of Merwedeplein, the square where the Franks' apartment was located, and Eva and Anne were almost exactly the same historic period. Eva was also a close friend of Sanne Ledermann'southward, and she knew both Anne and Margot. Eva described herself as an out-and-out tomboy, and hence she was in awe of Anne's fashion sense and worldliness, but she was somewhat puzzled by Anne's fascination with boys. "I had a blood brother, so boys were no big thing to me", Eva wrote. Only Anne had introduced Eva to Otto Frank when the Geiringers beginning came to Amsterdam "and then you can speak High german with someone", as Anne had said, and Eva never forgot Otto'southward warmth and kindness to her. Though they were acquainted on a start-proper noun basis, Eva and Anne were not especially close, as they had unlike groups of friends bated from their mutual close friendship with Sanne Ledermann. Eva's brother Heinz was chosen up for displacement to labor camp on the aforementioned day every bit Margot Frank, and the Geiringers went into hiding at the same time the Franks did, though the Geiringer family split into two groups to do so - Eva and her mother in one location, and Heinz and his male parent at another. Though hiding in 2 separate locations, all four of the Geiringers were betrayed on the same day, nearly 3 months earlier the Frank family was arrested. Eva survived Auschwitz, and when the Russians liberated Birkenau, the women'south sector of the military camp, she walked the mile-and-a-one-half altitude to the men'south camp to look for her begetter and brother, finding out much afterwards that they had not survived the prisoner march out of Auschwitz. Only when she entered the ill barracks of the men's camp, she recognized Otto Frank and had a warm reunion with him. Eight years later, Otto married Eva's widowed mother Elfriede (Fritzi) Geiringer, thereby making Eva a stepsister of Anne and Margot's. Eva later wrote her autobiography Eva'southward Story: A Survivor's Tale by the Stepsister of Anne Frank (1988),^[12] which served as the inspiration for the evolution of a popular multimedia stage presentation nigh the Holocaust called And Then They Came for Me. Eva also co-authored, with Barbara Powers, an autobiography targeted to younger readers and considered a suitable companion volume to Anne's diary, titled Promise, in which she describes her family's happy life earlier going into hiding, and the experiences of living in hiding during the Nazi occupation, of going to the concentration camps, and finally, of going after liberation to the business firm where Heinz and their father had hidden, to retrieve the paintings Heinz had hidden beneath the floorboards at that place. Heinz's paintings take been displayed in exhibitions in the United States and are now a part of a permanent exhibition in Amsterdam'southward war museum.^[13] In 2013, Eva Schloss' memoir of life afterwards the Holocaust, Later on Auschwitz: A Story of Heartbreak and Survival by the stepsister of Anne Frank, was published. After the war, Eva somewhen congenital a new life in London with her husband of lx years, Zvi Schloss, with whom she has three daughters.^[xiv] In May 2013, she was featured on BBC Radio 4's Woman'south Hour.^[15]
Mary Bos was a schoolmate from Anne'south Montessori schoolhouse and an invited invitee at Anne'south 10th altogether party; in the well-known photograph of that gathering, she is the very slender girl third from the right.^[xvi] Mary was a gifted artist, whose drawings and paintings were much admired by her peers. She is mentioned in passing in Anne's diary, when Anne writes of dreaming that she and Peter Schiff are looking "at a book of drawings by Mary Bos". Mary and her parents had emigrated to the United States in February 1940. When they left, Anne wrote Mary a piddling poem as a adieu note. Mary almost forgot virtually Anne, but after the war, when Anne's diary was published, she recalled her friend Anne from Montessori school. Afterwards the war, Mary midweek Bob Schneider. They still live in the United States.^[17] Afterward Anne'south diary was first published in 1947, Mary finally learned of Anne'due south fate.^[18]
Käthe "Kitty" Egyedi was some other lifelong friend of Anne's and was, similar Mary Bos, a fine artist. (Kitty remained a lifelong friend of Mary Bos'; they communicated regularly past letter, even after Mary moved permanently to the United States in 1940^{[ citation needed ]}). Schoolmates at Montessori, Anne and Kitty attended dissimilar schools later on sixth grade, and hence they had drifted apart somewhat. But shortly before the Franks went into hiding, Kitty visited Anne one day when Anne was in bed with a slight fever. They chatted the whole afternoon, and Kitty was impressed and pleased that the shrill, edgeless, and boy-crazy friend she remembered from Montessori school had begun to mature into a somewhat more introspective and thoughtful girl. This drew them closer together again. In the picture of Anne's 10th birthday referenced in a higher place under "Mary Bos", Kitty is the girl in the center with the dark pleated skirt.^[16] Kitty never felt that Anne was specifically thinking of her when addressing her diary passages to "Kitty", and near Anne scholars and biographers agree, believing that Anne borrowed the name from Cissy van Marxveldt'south Joop ter Heul books (these were a great favorite of Anne's, and Joop'southward best friend was a character named "Kitty Francken"). Kitty'southward entire family survived internment at Theresienstadt, and, following her male parent'south profession, Kitty became a dentist afterward the war. (Müller p. 290).
Lucia "Lucie" van Dijk was a Christian friend from the Montessori schoolhouse. Lucie's female parent was an adamant member of the NSB until the end of the war, but Lucie's disillusioned begetter left the political party in 1942. Anne was shocked when the van Dijks became party members, simply Otto Frank patiently explained to her that they could still be good people even if they had distasteful politics. Lucie herself was briefly a rather conflicted and nervous member of the Jeugdstorm (Nazi youth group), merely between her father'south later on abandonment of the political party and her grandmother'due south absolute abhorrence of anything connected with National Socialism, Lucie dropped out of the Jeugdstorm in tardily 1942. She married after the war and has lived her whole life in Amsterdam.^{[ citation needed ]} In the group picture of Anne's 10th altogether party, Lucie is the daughter on the extreme left.^[16]
Rie "Ietje" Swillens was another skilful friend of Anne's all the manner through Montessori school. Ietje was the girl with whom Anne breathlessly shared the news concerning one of Anne's maternal uncles, who had been arrested by the Nazis and sent to labor camp (he afterwards was released and emigrated to the U.s.). Existence Christian, Ietje's family unit was able to live out the state of war in Amsterdam. Ietje became a teacher in later years and today lives in Amstelveen, outside of Amsterdam.^{[ citation needed ]} She is the girl second from right in the "10 altogether" picture.^[xvi]
Juultje Ketellaper and Martha van den Berg are two other childhood friends of Anne'due south who appear in the picture of Anne's 10th birthday party. Very picayune is known nearly either girl. Juultje, the very tall girl near the center, was gassed past the Nazis in Sobibór.^[16] She may have been a Montessori schoolmate of Anne's or merely a neighborhood friend. Martha, on the far right in the photograph, survived the war. Martha was Anne's Montessori schoolmate and is seen in another picture with Anne taken during Anne'southward last term at Montessori.^[xvi]
Hannelore "Hansi" Klein (Laureen Nussbaum) was exactly midway in age between Anne and Margot. Hansi was an exception amidst those who knew Anne - she was rather indifferent most Anne and idolized Anne'south sis Margot instead. But Anne, Hansi, and Hansi's two sisters performed in a holiday play about a vain princess who is punished with a long nose for her vanity, until she sees the error of her ways. Anne played the princess; Hansi noted that she played the role to perfection and had "natural charisma". About people felt that Margot was the more beautiful of the Frank sisters, but Hansi observed that Anne, in her stance, was prettier than Margot because "she [Anne] was always smiling". Bated from those anecdotes, however, Hansi idea of Anne primarily as a noisy chatterbox, and "a shrimp", and she was surprised and impressed with Anne's inner depth upon reading the diary much later. Hansi married a young doctor after the war and, upon emigrating to America, changed her first name to "Laureen". She ultimately became a professor of strange literature and languages at Portland Country University.
Gertrud Naumann was a friend, companion, and occasional bodyguard of Anne and Margot's in Deutschland. Although several years older than Margot, this friendly girl ever played with both of the Frank sisters, and she was a neighborhood favorite of both Mr. and Mrs. Frank'south. After the Franks moved to Amsterdam, Gertrud kept contact with them through letters. Being Christian, Gertrud and her family were able to avoid persecution in the war. Gertrud was one of the start friends in Germany with whom Otto Frank got in touch on afterwards the war. In 1949, Gertrud married Karl Trenz. She died in 2002 at the age of 85.^{[ citation needed ]}
Bernhard (Bernd) "Buddy" Elias was a cousin of Anne's who lived in Switzerland and a cracking favorite of hers. Four years older than Anne (and hence, even older than Margot) his rollicking sense of fun matched Anne's temperament perfectly, and he much preferred Anne every bit a playmate to the staid and proper Margot. Everyone called him "Buddy" except Anne, who always called him "Bernd". He was a very talented water ice skater, which Anne hugely admired. She even wrote an imaginary picture show plot in her diary, wherein she would skate with Bernd, and included a sketch of the costume she would wear. After a long career as a professional person skater and role player, he eventually became the head of the Anne Frank Fund in Basel (a divide organization from the Anne Frank Foundation in Amsterdam).(Müller, p. 270).
Charlotte Kaletta, the common police force married woman of Fritz Pfeffer, was non Jewish and therefore was able to remain in her Amsterdam apartment during the occupation. Kaletta and Pfeffer had been regulars at the Sunday afternoon "coffees" hosted by the Franks before the war, and hence she knew the entire Frank family. Miep Gies was peculiarly touched by the devotion Pfeffer and Kaletta displayed to each other, and frequently passed letters from one to the other, an act which the other members of the household viewed as imprudent, but which Gies felt was important. Kaletta's Jewish husband died in Auschwitz, but she held promise for some time afterwards the state of war's end that Pfeffer had survived. When she learned of his death, she married him posthumously; Otto Frank fabricated the arrangements for her. Frank was always sympathetic to her and connected to offer her assist, only in the mid-1950s she severed all contact with him, and with Miep and Jan Gies, because she was offended by the unflattering depiction of Pfeffer in Anne's diary and later by the manner his character was written in the stage play The Diary of Anne Frank by Goodrich and Hackett. Charlotte died in Amsterdam on thirteen June 1985.^{[ citation needed ]}
Several members of the Frank and Holländer families fled Deutschland, including Otto's female parent and sister, who fled to Switzerland, and Edith's two brothers, Julius and Walter, who fled to the United States. All of them survived the war. In his later years, Otto Frank lamented his decision to accept his ain family to the Netherlands.^{[ citation needed ]}
Max van Reveled was a boarder with the Van Daans at Guider Amsterdam 34 (before the Van Daans moved into the Addendum), and frequently had dinner with the Van Daans and Franks. Max survived the war. Later the war, Otto Frank gave Max a offset edition of Anne'south book, published in 1947 as "Het Achterhuis."^[19] ^[twenty]
Eugene Hollander, first-cousin of Frank's mother. Holocaust survivor, wrote the memoir From the Hell of the Holocaust: A Survivor's Story.

Arresting officeholder [edit]

Karl Silberbauer was the Sicherheitsdienst (Nazi Security Service) officer who arrested Anne Frank and her family unit in their hiding place in 1944.^[21] He was tracked down and identified equally the arresting officer in Oct 1963 by the Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. Although his memories of the arrest were notably brilliant, Silberbauer had not been told by his superior officer, Julius Dettmann, who had made the tip-off, only that it came from a "reliable source", and was unable to provide whatsoever information that would further a police investigation. Silberbauer's confession helped ignominy claims that The Diary of Anne Frank was a forgery. Given Otto Frank'southward crucial declaration that Silberbauer had obviously acted on orders and behaved correctly and without cruelty during the arrest, judicial investigation of Silberbauer was dropped, and he was able to continue in his career equally a constabulary officeholder. Silberbauer died in 1972.

Fellow prisoners [edit]

Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper (24 Oct 1916 – 15 August 2003) and her sister Lientje, Anne and Margot'due south fellow prisoners in all three camps, had both trained as nurse aides and were among the concluding people to see Anne and Margot Frank alive. While she was in that location she was sexually assaulted by one of the guards that worked in her army camp.

Holocaust perpetrators [edit]

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was the leader of Nazi Germany, the private overall responsible for the Holocaust and the central perpetrator. Although he didn't know Anne Frank personally, Hitler was responsible for her and her family's expiry due to him orchestrating the genocide.

Encounter also [edit]

The Diary of a Young Girl
The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^east ^f ^yard ^h ⁱ "The main characters". Anne Frank Website. 25 September 2018.
^ "Otto Frank". Anne Frank House. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "The story of Anne Frank: Otto Frank goes back in Amsterdam". Anne Frank House. 2010-03-fourteen. Retrieved 2016-01-15 .
^ "Fritzi". www.annefrank.org. 2011-03-31. Retrieved 2016-01-15 .
^ "Anne Frank house: Otto Frank and the diary". Anne Frank Business firm. 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2016-01-15 .
^ Westrra, Hans (2004-11-18). Within Anne Frank'due south House: An Illustrated Journey Through Anne's Earth. pp. 210–211. ISBN978-1585676286.
^ "Auguste van Pels". annefrank.org.
^ Who was who In and Around the Secret Annexe?. The netherlands: Anne Frank Foundation. 2012. p. 82. Retrieved 2015-02-25 .
^ ^a ^b Goldstein, Richard (11 Jan 2010). "Miep Gies, Protector of Anne Frank, Dies at 100". The New York Times . Retrieved eighteen August 2012.
^ Müller, Melissa. Anne Frank The Biography. p. 282.
^ "Hello Silberberg passed away". Anne Frank Firm . Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ Eva Schloss; Evelyn Julia Kent (2010) [1988]. Eva's Story: A Survivor's Tale by the Stepsister of Anne Frank. ISBN978-0-8028-6495-6.
^ Schloss, Eva; Powers, Barbara (26 March 2008) [First published 26 March 2006]. The Promise: The Moving Story of a Family in the Holocaust. Penguin UK. ISBN978-0141320816.
^ Goldsmith, Belinda (April 8, 2013). "Anne Frank's step-sis highlights mail-Holocaust traumas". Reuters . Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ "Eva Schloss". bbc.co.uk. 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^{due east} ^f Willy Lindwer, Willy. The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank. p. Plate and caption following p. 48.
^ "Schneider, Mary Bos". toto.lib.unca.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14.
^ "Mary Bos" (PDF). holocaust.georgia.gov. Georgia Commission on the Holocaust. Archived from the original (PDF) on twenty Jan 2015. Retrieved twenty January 2015.
^ Anne Frank. 1929-1945. Het leven van een jong meisje. De definitieve biografie.
^ Antiquariaat A.Kok & Zn. B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands, Book #289216 provenance
^ "Who Betrayed the People in Hiding?". The official Anne Frank Firm website. 2018-09-28. p. 4.

Bibliography [edit]

Lee, Ballad Ann (2000). The Biography of Anne Frank – Roses from the World. Viking. ISBN 0-7089-9174-2.
Müller, Melissa; Rita Kimber and Robert Kimber (translators), with a notation from Miep Gies. Anne Frank: The Biography. Metropolitan books, 2000. ISBN 0-7475-4523-five.
Anne Frank. The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition, edited past Harry Paape, David Barnouw, and Gerrold Van der Stroom (Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, NIOD), translated by Arnold J. Pomerans, compiled by H. J. J. Hardy, second edition. Doubleday 2003.ISBN 0-385-50847-half dozen.
Eva Schloss, with Evelyn Julia Kent. Eva'due south Story. Castle-Kent, 1988. ISBN 0-9523716-9-3
Jacqueline van Maarsen. My Friend Anne Frank. Vantage Press, 1996. ISBN 0-533-12013-6
Dutch Jewry Search
Sawyer, Kem Knapp. Anne Frank: A Biography of a Lifetime.
Lindwer, Willy. The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank. Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-385-42360-viii